Space Force’s Secret Weapon: How the X-37B is Revolutionizing Orbital Operations

The Boeing X-37B, a cutting-edge autonomous spaceplane, is revolutionizing military space operations. 

As it embarks on its seventh mission, this secretive spacecraft continues to push the boundaries of space technology and exploration, leaving both experts and enthusiasts intrigued by its capabilities and potential.

What Is the X-37B?

Space Force's Secret Weapon: How the X-37B is Revolutionizing Orbital Operations » x37b in ground wc
Image Credit: U.S. Space Force/Staff Sgt. Adam Shanks, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The X-37B is one of the world’s most advanced reentry spacecraft, designed to operate in low Earth orbit at altitudes between 150 to 500 miles above the Earth’s surface. 

At just one-fourth the size of the Space Shuttle, the X-37B boasts a lifting body-style design and a landing profile similar to its larger predecessor. However, what sets this spaceplane apart are its cutting-edge technologies and capabilities:

  • Fully automated de-orbit and landing functions
  • All-electric flight controls and brakes, eliminating the need for hydraulics
  • Lightweight composite structure instead of traditional aluminum
  • Advanced thermal protection systems, including high-temperature wing leading-edge tiles and toughened uni-piece fibrous refractory oxidation-resistant ceramic (TUFROC) tiles
  • Conformal reusable insulation (CRI) blankets and toughened uni-piece fibrous insulation (TUFI) impregnated silica tiles

These innovations allow the X-37B to perform missions lasting up to 270 days, although it has far exceeded this design limit in recent flights.

Historical Development & Missions

Space Force's Secret Weapon: How the X-37B is Revolutionizing Orbital Operations » x37b mission wc
Image Credit: U.S. Space Force/Staff Sgt. Adam Shanks, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Since its first launch in April 2010, the X-37B has completed six successful missions, each pushing the limits of its capabilities and setting new records.

The program has consistently surpassed its initial design mission duration of 270 days, with the sixth mission (OTV-6) setting an impressive record of 908 days in orbit before returning to Earth in November 2022.

Over the years, the X-37B has traveled more than 1.3 billion miles during its 3,774 days in space, showcasing its durability and reliability. 

Current Mission (OTV-7) Objectives & Innovations

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Image Credit: Raymond Cassel/Shutterstock

The X-37B began its seventh mission (OTV-7) on December 29, 2023, launching aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. This mission focuses on several key objectives:

  1. Testing future space domain awareness (SDA) technologies
  2. Studying the impact of space radiation on materials
  3. Exploring new orbital regimes
  4. Demonstrating novel maneuvers using aerobraking

One of the most exciting aspects of OTV-7 is the planned use of aerobraking, a method of lowering orbit by interacting with the upper atmosphere. This technique allows the X-37B to change its flight path unexpectedly, making it more difficult for other countries to track. 

The X-37B’s Role in Military Space Operations

Space Force's Secret Weapon: How the X-37B is Revolutionizing Orbital Operations » x37b military wc
Image Credit: U.S. Air Force/Michael Martin, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The spacecraft’s potential applications are diverse and significant, including satellite servicing and inspection, space domain awareness, technology testing and validation, and rapid orbital changes for strategic purposes.

These capabilities provide the military with unprecedented flexibility and responsiveness in space operations.

Technological Advancements & Future Implications

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Image Credit: U.S. Air Force, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The X-37B program continues to drive innovation in space technology. William D. Bailey, Director of the Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office, emphasizes that the X-37B team has worked to create a more responsive, flexible, and adaptive experimentation platform. (ref

Some of the key technological advancements demonstrated by the X-37B include:

  • Improved reusability and rapid turnaround capabilities
  • Enhanced maneuverability in various orbital regimes
  • Advanced thermal protection systems
  • Long-duration mission capabilities

The technologies developed and tested on the X-37B are likely to influence the next generation of spacecraft, benefiting both military and civilian space operations.

Controversies & International Perspectives

Space Force's Secret Weapon: How the X-37B is Revolutionizing Orbital Operations » x37b flying wc
Image Credit: NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The secrecy surrounding the X-37B program has led to speculation and concerns about its true purpose. Some international observers worry that the spacecraft could be used for military purposes beyond its stated objectives, potentially contributing to the militarization of space.

However, the U.S. Space Force maintains that the X-37B’s missions are focused on technology development and experimentation.

The program’s commitment to space sustainability is evident in its plans to dispose of part of its service module in compliance with international space debris prevention regulations before completing its current mission.

The Future of the X-37B Program

Space Force's Secret Weapon: How the X-37B is Revolutionizing Orbital Operations » x37b landing wc
Image Credit: U.S. Air Force/Michael Stonecypher, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

As the X-37B continues to break records and demonstrate new capabilities, its future looks promising. The program is likely to continue pushing the boundaries of space technology, with potential developments encompassing several key areas. 

We can expect to see further improvements in mission duration and reusability, allowing for even longer and more cost-effective space operations.

The X-37B’s success has already been recognized with the prestigious Robert J. Collier Trophy in 2019 (ref) for advancing the performance, efficiency, and safety of air and space vehicles.

As the program evolves, it will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of military space operations and contributing to the United States’ space capabilities. 

Nancy Maffia » nancy
Nancy Maffia
Author & Editor | + posts

Nancy received a bachelor’s in biology from Elmira College and a master’s degree in horticulture and communications from the University of Kentucky. Worked in plant taxonomy at the University of Florida and the L. H. Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University, and wrote and edited gardening books at Rodale Press in Emmaus, PA. Her interests are plant identification, gardening, hiking, and reading.